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AP Biology — Unit 3 — Cellular Respiration Overview — Drill 11

Drill 11 ·

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About This Drill

AP Biology — Unit 3 — Cellular Respiration Overview — Drill 11 is a practice drill. It contains 5 original questions created by Brian Stewart, a Barron's test prep author with over 20 years of tutoring experience.

Connect the structure of ATP to its function as the cell's energy currency, and apply knowledge of ATP resynthesis pathways to explain muscle fatigue and recovery. This drill integrates molecular structure, energetics, and physiology.

Passage

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) serves as the primary energy currency of cells. Energy is released when a phosphate group is hydrolyzed from ATP to produce ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi): ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi + energy. This reaction releases approximately 7.3 kcal/mol under standard cellular conditions. Cells continuously regenerate ATP from ADP through coupled reactions in cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
A researcher studying muscle contraction in vertebrates observes that skeletal muscle fibers can sustain maximum-effort contractions for only a few seconds before force production drops dramatically. After a brief rest, partial recovery occurs. After a longer rest (~3-5 minutes), the muscle can sustain near-maximum force again.
Table 1. Estimated ATP stores and resynthesis rates in skeletal muscle.
Energy SourceAvailable ATP (mmol/kg)Resynthesis Rate (mmol ATP/kg/s)
Stored ATP5-8N/A (not resynthesized here)
Phosphocreatine (PCr)15-179.0 (very fast)
Glycolysis (anaerobic)~45 (lactate pathway)4.5 (fast)
Oxidative phosphorylation~90,000+1.5 (slow)

Questions in This Drill

  1. Which feature of ATP best explains why it serves as the immediate energy donor for cellular work, rather than cells drawing energy directly from glucose?
  2. Based on Table 1, why can skeletal muscle sustain maximum-effort contractions for only a few seconds before force production drops?
  3. The partial recovery after a brief rest, and more complete recovery after 3-5 minutes, is best explained by which sequence of events?
  4. Which of the following accurately describes the structural basis for ATP's ability to release energy upon hydrolysis?
  5. Cyanide is a toxin that binds to and inhibits cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV of the electron transport chain). Which of the following best predicts the effect of cyanide exposure on ATP production, and which energy pathway would be least directly affected?